Episode 2 Sources

Sources for Episode 2: The Kremlin’s Brain

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Chapter 3. Why is Russia against the West?

Allied Intervention in Russia

Google Books:

“Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong by James Loewen”

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5m23RrMeLt4C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16

Collapse under Perestroika

Nintil:

“The Soviet Union: GDP growth”

https://nintil.com/the-soviet-union-gdp-growth/

Declarations of Independence under Glasnost

Wikisource (Russian):

“Decision of the South Ossetian Regional Council of People’s Deputies of September 20, 1990 on the transformation of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region”

https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%82_20.09.1990_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8

GenDocs - via Wayback Machine:

“Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic”

https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052400/http://do.gendocs.ru/docs/index-40781.html?page=29#1358775

Chechen Law:

“Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic”

https://chechenlaw.ru/?p=55

Collapse under “Shock Therapy”

Wikipedia:

“Belovezha Accords - Legal basis and ratification”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belovezha_Accords#Legal_basis_and_ratification

“1993 Russian constitutional crisis - Siege and assault”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis#Siege_and_assault

“1993 Russian constitutional crisis - Immediate aftermath”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis#Immediate_aftermath

TASS (Relevant Stakeholder(s): Russian State):

“Key facts about the ’90s price liberalization in Russia”

https://tass.com/economy/916534

Stat Bureau:

“Russian Inflation Rate in 1992/1993”

https://www.statbureau.org/en/russia/inflation/1992

https://www.statbureau.org/en/russia/inflation/1993

Nintil:

“The Soviet Union: Achieving full employment”

https://nintil.com/the-soviet-union-achieving-full-employment/

(specific section)

https://nintil.com/the-soviet-union-achieving-full-employment/#:~:text=not%20given%20work-,Conclusion,-Taking%20into%20account

World Bank:

“Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) - Russian Federation”

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?end=2022&locations=RU&start=2012

Statista:

“Monthly inflation rate in Russia 2021-2022”

https://www.statista.com/statistics/276323/monthly-inflation-rate-in-russia/

(specific section)

https://www.statista.com/statistics/276323/monthly-inflation-rate-in-russia/#:~:text=In%20November%202022%2C%20the%20inflation,it%20stood%20at%2014.3%20percent.

NATO Expansionism

The New York Times - via Wayback Machine:

“Yeltsin Opposes Expansion Of NATO in Eastern Europe”

https://web.archive.org/web/20150525040910/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/02/world/yeltsin-opposes-expansion-of-nato-in-eastern-europe.html

“Clinton Urges NATO Expansion in 1999”

https://web.archive.org/web/20150402061139/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/23/us/clinton-urges-nato-expansion-in-1999.html

(specific section)

https://web.archive.org/web/20150402061139/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/23/us/clinton-urges-nato-expansion-in-1999.html#:~:text=Russia%20is%20wary%20of%20an%20eastward%20expansion%20of%20the%20Western%20military%20alliance%20into%20nations%20that%20were%20Soviet%20satellites%20in%20the%20cold%20war.%20But%20Mr.%20Clinton%2C%20in%20a%20reference%20to%20Russia%2C%20said%20%27%27no%20country%20outside%20of%20NATO%20will%20have%20a%20veto%27%27%20on%20new%20NATO%20members.

“EXPANDING ALLIANCE: THE OVERVIEW; Poland, Hungary and the Czechs Join NATO”

https://web.archive.org/web/20220502211737/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/13/world/expanding-alliance-the-overview-poland-hungary-and-the-czechs-join-nato.html

The Guardian (Relevant Stakeholder(s): Scott Trust Limited):

“Bush backs Ukraine and Georgia for Nato membership”

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/01/nato.georgia

Canada.com - via Wayback Machine

“Russia, U.S. hold war games on opposite sides of Caucasus: officials”

https://web.archive.org/web/20150226161047/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=8ab9fc6b-b294-4b22-8a02-759e1f6ccab2

The Wall Street Journal - via Wayback Machine:

“Evidence in Georgia Belies Russia’s Claims of ‘Genocide’”

https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190021/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121874784363742015

(specific section)

https://web.archive.org/web/20180807190021/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121874784363742015#:~:text=Russian%20President%20Dmitry,into%20the%20region.

Wikimedia - by Wikimedia user “Patrickneil”:

“History of NATO enlargement”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg

Western Aid for Boris Yeltsin

The Washington Post - via Wayback Machine:

“YELTSIN GETS $1.6 BILLION IN U.S. AID”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/04/05/yeltsin-gets-16-billion-in-us-aid/8f07ebfc-97bd-41aa-b93a-7c26cb495880/

“WESTERN LEADERS VOICE SUPPORT FOR YELTSIN”

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/10/04/western-leaders-voice-support-for-yeltsin/5090301f-2503-40ad-946d-97235fec0b77/

“Election meddling in Russia: When Boris Yeltsin asked Bill Clinton for help”

https://web.archive.org/web/20201120013551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/26/russian-election-interference-meddling/

(relevant sections)

https://web.archive.org/web/20201120013551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/26/russian-election-interference-meddling/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%E2%80%99ve%20made%20it%20clear%20I%E2%80%99ll%20do%20nothing%20to%20accelerate%20NATO%20%5Bexpansion%5D%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20said.%20%E2%80%9CI%E2%80%99m%20trying%20to%20give%20you%20now%2C%20in%20this%20conversation%2C%20the%20reassurance%20you%20need.%20But%20we%20need%20to%20be%20careful%20that%20neither%20of%20us%20appears%20to%20capitulate.%E2%80%9D

https://web.archive.org/web/20201120013551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/06/26/russian-election-interference-meddling/#:~:text=A%20few%20months,of%20democratic%20candidates.%E2%80%9D

PBS Frontline - via Wayback Machine:

“Interview: Thomas Graham”

https://web.archive.org/web/20180726120245/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/interviews/graham.html

(specific quotes)

https://web.archive.org/web/20180726120245/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/interviews/graham.html#:~:text=As%20a%20political,Soviet%2Dtype%20system.

https://web.archive.org/web/20180726120245/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/interviews/graham.html#:~:text=this%20was%20a%20classic%20case%20of%20the%20ends%20justifying%20the%20means%2C%20and%20we%20did%20get%20the%20result%20that%20we%20wanted.%20We%20got%20the%20result%20that%20our%20partners%2C%20reformers%2C%20in%20Russia%20wanted%2C%20and%20it%27s%20after%20we%20got%20that%20result%20that%20a%20lot%20of%20this%20began%20to%20unravel%20very%20visibly%20for%20people%20both%20in%20Russia%20and%20the%20West

https://web.archive.org/web/20180726120245/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/yeltsin/interviews/graham.html#:~:text=The%20administration%20narrowed,back%20to%20communism.

Western opposition to the “oligarchs”

European Commission:

“Enforcing sanctions against listed Russian and Belarussian oligarchs”

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/el/ip_22_1828

Consequences of Soviet collapse

BBC News (Relevant Stakeholder(s): UK State)

“Putin deplores collapse of USSR”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4480745.stm

(specific quote)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4480745.stm#:~:text=%22the%20greatest%20geopolitical%20catastrophe%22%20of%20the%2020th%20century

Overall

Wikipedia:

“Post-Soviet Conflicts”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts

“List of wars involving Russia - Russian Federation (1991-Present)”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia#Russian_Federation_(1991%E2%80%93present)

Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy:

“South Ossetia (Georgia), January 19, 1992 : Independence”

https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ge011992

Inside Russia

“First Chechen War”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War

“Second Chechen War”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War

“Chechen Insurgency”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War#Insurgency

“War of Dagestan”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Dagestan

War in Ingushetia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia

Insurgency in the North Caucasus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus

Russian preparation to attack Georgia, Georgian retreat

Eurasia Net - via Wayback Machine:

“South Ossetia Crisis Stokes Tension Between Russia and Georgia”

https://web.archive.org/web/20141017061442/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082504.shtml

(specific section)

https://web.archive.org/web/20141017061442/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav082504.shtml#:~:text=In%20an%20interview%20broadcast%20by,along%20the%20Georgian%2DRussian%20frontier.

NATO Intervention in Libya

Wikipedia:

“Timeline of the 2011 military intervention in Libya”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya

BBC News (Relevant Stakeholder(s): UK State):

“SAS on ground during Libya crisis”

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-16624401

Reuters (Relevant Stakeholder(s): The Woodbridge Company):

“Air strike hit 11 vehicles in Gaddafi convoy - NATO”

https://www.reuters.com/article/nato-libya-gaddafi-idAFL5E7LL2L820111021

“Putin: Libya coalition has no right to kill Gaddafi”

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-libya-idUSTRE73P4L920110426

Gallup:

“Americans Approve of Military Action Against Libya, 47% to 37%”

https://news.gallup.com/poll/146738/americans-approve-military-action-against-libya.aspx

Russia’s Historic Opposition to NATO

Carnegie Endowment:

“2010 Russia Military Doctrine”

https://carnegieendowment.org/files/2010russia_military_doctrine.pdf

Pravda Ukraine:

“The imperial complexes of the Russian brothers”

https://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2008/07/3/3482506/

Promises by NATO leaders to Russia

National Security Archive - George Washington University:

“NATO Expansion: What Gorbachev Heard”

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2017-12-12/nato-expansion-what-gorbachev-heard-western-leaders-early

“NATO Expansion: What Yeltsin Heard”

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2018-03-16/nato-expansion-what-yeltsin-heard

“NATO Expansion – The Budapest Blow Up 1994”

https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2021-11-24/nato-expansion-budapest-blow-1994

Les Crises:

“Expansion de l’OTAN : ce que Gorbatchev a entendu”

https://www.les-crises.fr/expansion-de-l-otan-ce-que-gorbatchev-a-entendu/

NATO Promises Denialism Examples

BBC News (Relevant Stakeholder(s): UK State):

“Has Putin’s war failed and what does Russia want from Ukraine?”

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56720589

(specific section)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56720589#:~:text=In%20his%20eyes,at%20the%20time

NATO:

“NATO-Russia relations: the facts”

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_111767.htm

(specific section)

https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_111767.htm#c203:~:text=The%20idea%20of,up%2C%20either.%22

Postimees:

“Michael McFaul: Russians were never promised NATO non-expansion to Eastern Europe”

https://news.postimees.ee/3723605/michael-mcfaul-russians-were-never-promised-nato-non-expansion-to-eastern-europe

France24 (Relevant Stakeholder(s): French State):

“Did NATO ‘betray’ Russia by expanding to the East?”

https://www.france24.com/en/russia/20220130-did-nato-betray-russia-by-expanding-to-the-east

The Special Case of Germany

German Foreign Office - Political Archive:

“Treaty on the final settlement with respect to Germany”

https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/248556/2851e102b97772a5772e9fdb8a978663/vertragstextoriginal-data.pdf

NATO:

“Potsdam Agreement”

https://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/doc_files/Potsdam%20Agreement.pdf

Der Spiegel:

“An Inside Look at the Reunification Negotiations”

https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-s-unlikely-diplomatic-triumph-an-inside-look-at-the-reunification-negotiations-a-719848.html

(specific section)

https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-s-unlikely-diplomatic-triumph-an-inside-look-at-the-reunification-negotiations-a-719848.html#:~:text=Officially%2C%20World%20War,situation%20in%201989.

Teaching the wrong lessons

BBC News (Relevant Stakeholder(s): British State):

“Russia: Mikhail Gorbachev changed history, but was wrong about ties to West”

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62735271

(specific section)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-62735271#:~:text=The%20Russian%20leader%27s%20spokesman%2C%20Dmitry%20Peskov%2C%20said%20Mr%20Gorbachev%20had%20%22sincerely%20wanted%20to%20believe%20that%20the%20Cold%20War%20would%20end%2C%20and%20that%20it%20would%20usher%20in%20a%20period%20of%20eternal%20romance%20between%20a%20new%20Soviet%20Union%20and%20the%20world%2C%20the%20West.%20This%20romanticism%20turned%20out%20to%20be%20wrong%22.

The Chechen Connection

New Voice of Ukraine:

“Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria”

https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-recognizes-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-ukraine-news-50277623.html

Russia’s Information Filter

Kremlin:

“Address by the President of the Russian Federation”

http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843

(specific section)

http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/67843#:~:text=The%C2%A0problem%20is%20that%20in%C2%A0territories%20adjacent%20to%C2%A0Russia%2C%20which%20I%C2%A0have%20to%C2%A0note%20is%20our%20historical%20land%2C%20a%C2%A0hostile%20%E2%80%9Canti%2DRussia%E2%80%9D%20is%20taking%20shape.%20Fully%20controlled%20from%20the%C2%A0outside%2C%20it%20is%20doing%20everything%20to%C2%A0attract%20NATO%20armed%20forces%20and%C2%A0obtain%20cutting%2Dedge%20weapons.

Losing Influence: The Case of Karabakh

BBC News (Relevant Stakeholder(s): British State):

“Azerbaijan launches operation against Nagorno-Karabakh”

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66851975

(specific section)

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-66851975#:~:text=Some%203%2C000%20Russian,its%20ally%20Turkey.

United Nations:

“Karabakh emergency escalates, thousands still pouring into Armenia: UN agencies”

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1141662

(specific section)

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/09/1141662#:~:text=Over%2088%2C000%20refugees,Armenia%20from%20Karabakh.

NEXTA - via Twitter:

“Armenian Prime Minister says he wants to distance from Russia and get closer to the West”

https://twitter.com/nexta_tv/status/1702029728935276873

Direct Democracy:

“Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan), 10. December 1991: Independence”

https://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=az031991

Foreign Policy:

“Iran Is Filling Armenia’s Power Vacuum”

https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/01/iran-armenia-azerbaijan-conflict-russia-nagorno-karabakh-syunik/

Al Jazeera (Relevant Stakeholder(s): Qatari State):

“What’s Turkey’s role in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict?”

https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/30/whats-turkeys-role-in-the-nagorno-karabakh-conflict

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